Detection of Encephalitozoon spp. from Human Diarrheal Stool and Farm Soil Samples in Korea

Microsporidia are eukaryotic organisms that cause zoonosis and are major opportunistic pathogens in HIV-positive patients. However, there is increasing evidence that these organisms can also cause gastrointestinal and ocular infections in immunocompetent individuals. In Korea, there have been no reports on human infections with microsporidia to date. In the present study, we used real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing to detect Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in seven of 139 human diarrheal stool specimens (5%) and Encephalitozoon hellem in three of 34 farm soil samples (8.8%). Genotype analysis of the E. hellem isolates based on the internal transcribed spacer 1 and polar tube protein genes showed that all isolates were genotype 1B. To our knowledge, this is the first report on human E. intestinalis infection in Korea and the first report revealing farm soil samples as a source of E. hellem infection. Because microsporidia are an important public health issue, further large-scale epidemiological studies are warranted.

Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China

The breeding of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition in China. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animal health. Thus, a total of 1,132 domestic rabbit sera from 4 regions in China were collected for serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi and for Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA and modified agglutination test (MAT), respectively. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were detected in 248/1,132 (21.9%) sera tested while antibodies against T. gondii revealed a seroprevalence of 51/1,132 (4.5%). We believe that the present results are of epidemiological implications and public health importance due to the acknowledged susceptibility of humans to E. cuniculi and T. gondii infections. Therefore, routine screening tests of domestic rabbits are proposed considering the zoonotic potential of these parasites.

Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Pet Rabbits in Korea

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian parasite commonly found in rabbits that can infect humans, causing encephalitozoonosis. The prevalence of encephalitozoonosis is not well documented, even when many clinics suspect pet rabbits as being highly infected. This study investigated the seropositivity of E. cuniculi using ELISA. The examination of 186 rabbits using ELISA showed that 22.6% (42/186) were seropositive against E. cuniculi. In analysis with healthy status, all 42 seropositive sera were collected from clinically normal rabbits. Moreover, the gender and age of pet rabbits did not have anysignificant effect on E. cuniculi infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the seroprevalence of E. cuniculi in pet rabbits and suggests that pet rabbits could act as an important reservoir of encephalitozoonosis for both pet animals and humans in Korea.

Prevalencia de Encephalitozoon intestinalis y Enterocytozoon bieneusi en pacientes VIH positivos de Maracaibo, Venezuela / Prevalence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV positive patients to Maracaibo, Venezuela

Los microsporidios pueden provocar infecciones emergentes y oportunistas en individuos inmunocomprometidos de todo el mundo. Se realizó éste estudio para identificar las especies de microsporidios intestinales presentes en pacientes con VIH-SIDA del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo (SAHUM). Se recolectaron 50 muestras fecales de individuos con diagnóstico confirmado de VIH durante los años 2007-2008; se obtuvieron las cifras de CD4 de solo 42 pacientes. Las muestras se analizaron mediante PCR separadas para la identificación de Encephalitozoon intestinalis y Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Las especies de microsporidios presentaron un 36% de prevalencia, 10 pacientes presentaron Encephalitozoon intestinalis, 4 Enterocytozoon bieneusi y 4 ambas especies. Se determinó una relación inversamente proporcional y estadísticamente significativa entre el contaje de CD4 y la presencia de microsporidios en la muestra fecal. Es destacable la elevada prevalencia de especies de microsporidios observada en los pacientes VIH estudiados, donde predominó E. intestinalis.

Microsporidioses are considered emerging and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify the species of intestinal microsporidia in patients with HIV-AIDS from the Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Venezuela (SAHUM). Fecal samples were collected from 50 patients with confirmed diagnosis of HIV, during the years 2007 and 2008; the CD4 values were obtained from 42 patients. The samples were analyzed by separate PCRs to identify Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Microsporidia species showed a 36% prevalence: ten patients had Encephalitozoon intestinalis, four Enterocytozoon bieneusi and four both species. An inverse and statistically significant relationship between the CD4 count and the presence of microsporidia in the fecal sample was also found. It is remarkable the high prevalence of microsporidia species observed in the HIV patients studied, with a predominance of E. intestinalis.

Immune responsiveness associated with experimental Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in immunocompetent rats.

PURPOSE: Microsporidial infections have been recognized as an increasingly important infection in immunocompromized patients, particularly those infected with HIV/AIDS. This study was designed to study immune responses associated with experimental Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in immunecompetent rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four rats in 3 groups, A (Control), B (Intraperitoneal) and C (Oral) were given injections of 0.5 ml of 2 x 10(6) of purified spores of Encephalitotozoon intestinalis spores and were observed for serum specific IgG for 21 days using both Direct and Indirect ELISA. RESULTS: In indirect ELISA, specific lgG were detected on days 7, 14 and 21 for the group B rats and on day 21 for group C and in direct ELISA method, specific lgG were detected in-group B rats on days 7 and 21, for group C rats on day 21 only, while in the control rats, specific lgG were not detected. There was no significant difference between the direct and indirect methods (df=1, X(2), P>0.05). E. intestinalis was observed in stool samples of rats in 1/12 (08.33%) on days 14 and 21 in group B and in 4/10 (33.33%), 3/10 (25.00%) and 2/10 (16.67%) on days 7, 14 and 21 respectively in group C. In-group, A which is the control rats, no microsporidia were observed on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. CONCLUSIONS: There were no changes in the T-lymphocyte counts of rats prior to and after inoculation with spores. Extensive lesions were observed along the intestinal walls especially on the middle and lower sections of group C rats only.

Experimental meningoencephalomyelitis by Encephalitozoon cuniculi in cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed mice

A encefalitozoonose constitui protozoose emergente em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Este estudo visa examinar o desenvolvimento de infecção experimental por Encephalitozoon cuniculi no sistema nervoso central de camundongos imunossuprimidos. Camundongos Balb-C adultos foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com esporos de E. cuniculi, tratados com ciclofosfamida durante o período experimental e sacrificados dos 15 aos 75 dias pós-inoculação. Fragmentos teciduais foram coletados e processados para estudos de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Granulomas multifocais foram vistos em todos os órgãos. Foi observada meningoencefalomielite linfocítica, difusa, não-supurativa, com degeneração e necrose neuronal, infiltração macrofágica e astrocitose reativa. Esporos de E. cuniculi foram vistos nos microgranulomas ou ocorreram sem associação com reação inflamatória. Os parasitas raramente foram notados em cortes corados com Hematoxilina-Eosina, mas eram Gram-chromotrope-positivos. Esporos e formas proliferativas foram encontrados em vacúolos parasitóforos dentro de células neurais e macrófagos. A encefalitozoonose experimental em camundongos imunossuprimidos fornece um modelo adequado para o estudo de lesões cerebrais associadas com tais protozoários no homem.

Infecçäo experimental pelo Encephalitozoon cuniculi em camundongos imunossuprimidos com dexametasona / Experimental Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice

OBJETIVO: O microsporídio Encephalitozoon cuniculi tem sido reconhecido como um patógeno oportunista em indivíduos imunossuprimidos, tais como pacientes com Aids. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver animais farmacologicamente imunossuprimidos como modelo da infecçäo natural pelo E. cuniculi. MÉTODOS: Foram usados grupos distintos de camundongos Balb-C adultos, imunossuprimidos com diferentes doses de dexametasona (Dx, 3 ou 5 mg/kg/dia por via intraperitoneal - IP) e inoculados com esporos de E. cuniculi por via IP. Também foram usados grupos controle (animais inoculados, mas näoimunossuprimidos, e animais imunossuprimidos, mas näo inoculados). Os esporos de E. cuniculi foram previamente cultivados em células MDCK. Os animais foram sacrificados e submetidos à necropsia aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias pós-inoculaçäo. Fragmentos teciduais foram coletados e processados para análise por microscopia de luz, utilizando-se as técnicas de coloraçäo de Gram -chromotrope e de hematoxilina-eosina. RESULTADOS: Em todos os animais imunossuprimidos e inoculados, porém especialmente naqueles que receberam 5 mg/kg/dia de Dx, os achados de necropsia mais proeminentes foram hepato e esplenomegalia. A inoculaçäo experimental resultou em uma infecçäo disseminada e näo-letal, caracterizada por lesöes granulomatosas em diversos órgäos (fígado, pulmöes, rins, intestino, encéfalo), porém mais notadamente no tecido hepático. Esporos de E. cuniculi foram observados em poucos animais tratados com 5 mg/kg/dia de Dx aos 35 dias pós-infecçäo. CONCLUSOES: Microsporidiose em camundongos imunossuprimidos com Dx fornece um modelo útil para estudos da infecçäo por microsporídios, assemelhando-se àquela naturalmente observada em indivíduos imunodeficientes com Aids

Microsporidiosis generalizada por encephalitozoon sp en un paciente pediátrico con enfermedad de Bruton / Generalized microsporidiosis caused by encephalitozoon sp in a pediatric patient with Brutonïs disease

We present the case of a four year old boy with a history of repeated upper respiratory tract infections and pyoderma. He presented fever, seizures, inhability to talk, loss of swallowing, fine tremor in the upper extremities; positive bilateral Babinski reflex and quadriparesis. The diagnosis of Brutonïs disease and generalized microporidiosis was based on immunologic analysis, smear tests with chromotrope R2 stain and indirect immunofluorescense with monoclonal 3B6 antibody for Encephalitozoon species in samples of spinal fluid, bronchial and paranasal sinus aspirates and stool, which were all positive. The patient was treated with albendazol during 72 days; he left the hospital in a good condition, walking, talking and able to swallow. His laboratory test controls were negative; he is followed up in the outpatient department

Evaluación anatomopatológica de riñones lepóridos y determinación de la prevalencia de encefalitozoonosis en la hacienda El Progreso de la Universidad de Antioquia / Anatomopathological evaluation of the leporides kidney and prevalence determination of encephalitozoonosis in “Hacienda El Progreso” of the Universidad de Antioquia

La encefalitozoonosis es una enfermedad zoonótica emergente causada por el microsporidio Encephalitozoon cuniculi, el cual se diagnosticó recientemente por primera vez en el departamento de Antioquia. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de esta enfermedad y caracterizar las lesiones renales, se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico de los riñones de 100 conejos asintomáticos al momento del sacrificio en la Hacienda El Progreso de la Universidad de Antioquia. El diagnósticose basó en los hallazgos macroscópicos de las lesiones renales y la histopatología utilizando la coloración de rutina de Hematoxilina – Eosina y la confirmación del parásito mediante las coloraciones especiales de Sandiford, Ziehl - Neelsen, y Warthin – Starry. El análisis estadístico se efectuó utilizando estadística descriptiva y la prueba de independencia y contingencia de Chi cuadrado para establecer el grado de asociación entre algunas variables en estudio. La prevalencia de la encefalitozoonosis en los conejos fue del 5 por ciento y estuvo siempre relacionada con la presentación de nefritis intersticial por lo que se concluye que ésta enfermedad tiene una alta rata de presentación de la forma subclínica y que en consecuencia en el departamento de Antioquia existe una nueva enfermedad emergente afectando a la industria cunícola, constituyéndose en un factor de riesgo potencial para la salud pública.